NARRATION:
Have you ever wondered how we communicate with computers? Well, we use input and output devices. For example, we input through a keyboard and the output is what we see on a monitor. When we put information into a computer controlled device, we call it input. When a device puts information back out, we call it output. Obvious when you look at it like that, eh?
Computer processors can only really understand numbers or digits, so we have developed different ways of translating those numbers into things we understand and back again. This is called digitisation. These days it’s simple, we can just talk to many devices and they talk back to us. But it hasn’t always been that easy...
When computers were first invented, they were much more basic than they are today and could only understand information organised into a number of digital code called binary. This code had only two numbers - one and zero. Everything had to be translated into binary code before being put into the computer. The very first computers used holes punched into cardboard to represent the ones and zeros. Eventually computer programmers came up with new and more complicated languages to write programs, and used keyboards to enter data. The mouse came next, with a pointer on the screen so that the user could communicate with the computer by pointing and clicking on buttons and images.
Today, there are many clever ways to get information into a computer system. Computers can receive input directly from touch screens, microphones, game controllers, cameras and webcams, remote controllers, timer switches and electrical circuits. They can also receive input remotely, from sensors that can detect things like light, movement and temperature. Computers can understand many different types of input too, from typed words and numbers, to bar codes, light beams and patterns.
One of the great things about computers is that they can be adapted to help everyone use them. A person who finds it difficult to use an input device like a keyboard, touchscreen or mouse with their hands, can use a special pointing device with another part of their body, like their forehead, or their toes. A screen pointer can also be moved around using eye movements or by breathing in and out. Voice commands can be used by people who are visually impaired. How amazing is that?
So once we input our data into the computer system, and the computer processor does something clever depending on the program it is using, how do we get information back out of the system? Yes you guessed it, using output devices.
We have printers that can print many fonts, photos and graphics, and in thousands of colours. We even have 3D printers that can print real solid objects, like parts for a machine or even prosthetic hands. We have speakers and headphones that can play music, sound effects and voices. There are tiny watch screens and huge cinema screens.
Sometimes you input something and then you get a single output. It might be the words that you are typing on the keyboard, appearing on the laptop screen. It might be a printed document you downloaded coming out of a printer. It might be the song you chose with a voice command coming out of a speaker. It might be the video you picked with the mouse pointer, playing on the smart TV. Some devices can even be both input and output. For example, when you tap your tablet screen, input, and a pictures is displayed on the same screen, output.
Output devices can also be adapted in lots of clever ways so that everyone can use them. For example, printers can print documents in a language called Braille, with raised bumps that people with visual impairments can read with their fingers.
So there you have it, input and output, always the best of friends. Often they go hand in hand, one after the other, in little steps - input then output, then input then output. That’s exactly what you might have done to get here… You used a keyboard or a touchscreen to type in your search - input. You then saw all the search results displayed on the screen - output. Then you tapped or clicked on the link on the screen - input. You then saw the video window on your screen - output. You then used a mouse or finger to tap the play button on the screen... All together... input! Then finally, the video playing on the screen and the glorious sound of my voice coming out of the speakers or headphones - output! Simple as that!
