River features and land uses vary along the course of a river. Conflicts can arise between the different land uses and solutions must be adopted to minimise these disputes.
A river is often divided into three parts or stages and has features that are specific to each stage.
The table below explains the main features of each stage.
Stage | Main activity | Main features |
---|---|---|
Upper course (steep gradient) | Vertical (downward) erosion | Source, tributaries, V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, rapids, gorges |
Middle course (gentle gradient) | Lateral (sideways) erosion starts, transportation | River beaches (slip-off slopes), meanders, river cliffs |
Lower course (very low gradient) | Deposition | Floodplains, oxbow lakes, levées, delta, estuary |
The following three diagrams show various types of river landscape.