Materials are chosen based on factors including working properties, aesthetics, environmental impact, function, manufacturing processes etc. It is important to choose a material fit for purpose.
Material properties are vital to consider when creating a textiles product, as the functionality of a fabric can make it a success or a failure. For example, a non-absorbent bath towel or a warm sundress would not be viable.
Natural fibres are all derived from vegetation, cellulose-based materials, as well as products that are made from animals.
| Natural fibre | Properties | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Cotton | Cool, cheap, strong, renewable | Denim jeans, shirts, lightweight clothing |
| Bamboo | Cheap, renewable, soft, absorbent, comfortable | Knitwear, socks |
| Linen | Renewable, strong, creases easily | Lightweight clothing |
| Wool | Soft, hardwearing, renewable | Knitwear, carpets |
| Silk | Expensive, renewable, drapes (hangs) well, good insulation properties (cool in summer, warm in winter) | Wedding dresses, ball gowns |
Synthetic fibres are not plant or animal based; they are made from polymers that are derived from petrochemicals.
| Synthetic fibre | Properties | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Polyester | Cheap, durable, non-renewable | Shirts, school uniform |
| Acrylic | Warm and soft, non-renewable | Bedding, clothing |
| Viscose | Cheap, lightweight, versatile, non-renewable | Clothing, underwear |
| Acetate | Resistant to degradation, cheap, no elasticity, non-renewable | Shiny, reflective clothing and curtains |
Fabrics can be blended to improve their properties.
| Blended fabric | Properties | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Polycotton | Cheap blend of polyester and cotton, crease resistant | Shirts, bedding |
| Elastane | Stretchy, retains shape well, cheap | Sportswear, leggings |
| Kevlar | Five times stronger than steel, uses chemical bonds and weave patterns for strength | Bullet-proof vests, car tyres |
| Nomex | Heat resistant and lightweight | Firefighters’ outfits |
| Sympatex | Breathable and waterproof | Sportswear and outdoor equipment |