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Economists tackle US obesity
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Why Americans just keep on getting fatter is a question that has obsessed health professionals, sociologists and politicians for decades.

David Cutler, Edward Glaeser and Jesse Shapiro, from the Institute of Economic Research at Harvard University, have mined almost a century's-worth of nutritional data in a hunt for lessons.

According to their survey, the real culprit is not sluggish lifestyles or even fatty food, but technology.

As technological advances have made food ever more varied and convenient, the authors argue, the feeble will-power of the American public has been unable to compete.

Big problem

Almost all the rich world is struggling with bulging waistbands, but America is something special.

Increased calorie consumption can, of course, be a function of increasing wealth, and the average American swelled during the 20th century as result.

The average calorie intake rose by about 10% between the mid-1970s and the mid 1990s.

Now, according to some calculations, close to one-third of Americans are clinically obese - about 50% more than even the chubbiest equivalent country.

Old ideas

It finds no evidence for one popular argument - that American portions are getting bigger.

 

Instead, the authors say, Americans are not eating more, just more often.

Many hands make light work

The culprit seems to be the division of labour.

In the mid-1960s, the average American non-working woman spent at least two hours a day on the family meals - now, that figure has halved.

At the same time, manufacturers of food have invested heavily in making their products tastier, cheaper, more varied and more convenient for the consumer.

This has provoked a shift to frequent "grazing" - small but cumulatively hefty snacks, as opposed to regular meals.

Too tempting

This conclusion may not seem earth-shattering, but it has serious implications for policy makers.

First, it could shift the burden of guilt towards producers of food.

Dismal science

Second, it undermines one of the basic tenets of economics - that increases in convenience and efficiency represent an unequivocal benefit for society.

The fact that Americans spend some $50bn annually on diet remedies shows that they can hardly be happy with the status quo.

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