Some early astronomers were certain that intelligent beings lived on Mars. Percival Lowell popularised the idea that the Martians built canals to irrigate their dying planet.
In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe took the first close-up photographs of the Red Planet and revealed a barren and crater-scarred surface more like that of the Moon.
The 1976 Viking mission's negative microbial life test results further dampened the prospects of even the tiniest forms of Martian life.
But the recent discovery of methane plumes in Mars's atmosphere, a tantalising clue pointing to potential subsurface life, has raised the hopes of some experts.
Photo: MRO's view of Victoria Crater on Mars(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona/Cornell/Ohio State Univ.)
The 1976 Viking 1 and 2 Mars missions sent two landers to the surface and two orbiters around the planet. The orbiters mapped Mars in unprecedented detail and returned strong evidence of past flowing water. This finding suggested that the Red Planet may have once supported life.
The first spacecraft to land on Mars were the American Viking 1 and 2 probes in 1976. Their mission included testing the planet's soil for life. However, despite promising early test results, life was not found.
The unmanned Mariner missions gradually revealed Mars's extreme landforms. Perhaps most impressive was Olympus Mons, a volcano three times the size of Mount Everest.
Brian Cox explains that methane on Mars is a tantalising indication of potential life.
Professor Brian Cox explains how methane plumes recently discovered in Mars's thin atmosphere are a tantalising indication of potential subsurface microscopic life.
As the Sun gets brighter towards the end of its life, it is predicted that water ice on Mars may melt, transforming the Red Planet into a place that could support human life.
Asteroids, meteors and meteorites
Canals on Mars
Christiaan Huygens
Mariner programme
Mars
Percival Lowell
Viking 1 and 2
William Herschel
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