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Science

Cell division

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Chromosomes are made from DNA. Genes are short sections of DNA. Genetically identical cells are produced by a type of cell division called mitosis. In sexual reproduction, a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to produce a new cell. This is called fertilisation. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. They contain a single set of chromosomes, whereas body cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

DNA, genes and chromosomes

DNA

DNADNA: The material inside the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. (deoxyribose nucleic acid) molecules are large and complex. They carry the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing.

Except for identical twins, each person’s DNA is unique. This is why people can be identified using DNA fingerprinting. DNA can be cut up and separated, forming a sort of 'bar code' that is different from one person to the next.

Genes

A genegene: The basic unit of genetic material inherited from our parents. A gene is a section of DNA which controls part of a cell's chemistry - particularly protein production. is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together.

Chromosomes

The cell’s nucleus contains chromosomeschromosomes: Rod shaped bodies found in the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information (DNA). made from long DNA molecules.

The diagram shows the relationship between the cell, its nucleus, chromosomes in the nucleus, and genes.