
Surgery made some surprising leaps forward in Medieval times. This was thanks partly to ingenious barber-surgeons on the battlefield, and partly to the discovery of some natural anaesthetics and antiseptics.
During the Middle Ages, surgery was left to barber-surgeons, not to trained doctors.
It was a time of frequent warfare, and the constant fighting meant that surgeons' skills were much in demand. Perhaps as a result, surgery actually progressed in Medieval times. Certainly Theodoric of Lucca, in the 13th century, wrote how:
Every day we see new instruments and new methods [to extract arrows] being invented by clever and ingenious surgeons.
Theodoric of Lucca
This is completely different from the normal picture of stagnation given to us about Medieval medicine.