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Ptolemy and Ancient Astronomy

Duration:
45 minutes
First broadcast:
Thursday 17 November 2011

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy, and consider how and why his geocentric theory of the universe held sway for so many centuries. In his seminal astronomical work, the Almagest, written in the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy proposed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and explained all the observed motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars with a system of uniform circular motions which he referred to as 'epicycles'. But Ptolemy was a polymath and did not confine his study of the stars to mathematical equations. He was also interested in astrology and his book on this topic, the Tetrabiblos, tackled the spiritual aspects of the cosmos and its influence on individual lives and personalities.

Ptolemy's model of the universe remained the dominant one for over a thousand years. It was not until 1543, and Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the world, that the Ptolemaic model was finally challenged, and not until 1609 that Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy put an end to his ideas for good. But how and why did Ptolemy's system survive for so long?

With:

Liba Taub
Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University

Jim Bennett
Director of the Museum of the History of Science at the University of Oxford

Charles Burnett
Professor of the History of Islamic Influences on Europe at the Warburg Institute, University of London

Producer: Natalia Fernandez.

  • FURTHER READING

    Michael Hoskin, ed., ‘The Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy’ (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

    John North, ‘Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology’ (University of Chicago Press, 2008)

    Christopher Walker, ed., ‘Astronomy Before the Telescope’ (British Museum Press, 1996)

    ‘Ptolemy’s Almagest’, translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer (Princeton University Press, 1998)

    ‘Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos’, ed. and trans. Frank E. Robbins (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press [Loeb Classical Library], 1940)

    ‘Ptolemy’s Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters’, trans. and ed. J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000)

    ‘Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, Griechisch-Deutsch’, ed. Alfred Stückelbergerand Gerd Graßhoff 2 vols (Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2006)

    ‘Ptolemy Harmonics’, translated and commentary by Jon Solomon (Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers, 2000)

    ‘Ptolemy’s Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics’, with introduction and commentary by A. M. Smith, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86, Part 2 (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1996)

    Andrew Barker, ‘Scientific Method in Ptolemy’s Harmonics’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)

    Michael J. Crowe, ‘Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution’ (New York: Dover, 1990)

    James Evans, ‘The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)

    Olaf Pedersen, ‘A Survey of the Almagest’, with annotation and new commentary by Alexander Jones (New York: Springer, 2010)

    Liba Taub, ‘Ptolemy’s Universe: The Natural, Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Astronomy’ (Chicago: Open Court, 1993)

    Alexander Jones, ‘Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus’ (1999)

    Charles Burnett, ‘Why Study Ptolemy’s Almagest? The Evidence of MS Melbourne, State Library of Victoria, Sinclair 224’, The La Trobe Journal, 81, Autumn 2008, pp. 126–43

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