~RS~q~RS~~RS~z~RS~46~RS~)
How comics are adapting to hard times
An illustration by Edinburgh artist Tanya Roberts
"Comics aren't just about the superhero," says Edinburgh illustrator Tanya Roberts.
"It's a brilliant way to tell a story and it grips people like no other medium can."
Roberts has provided artwork for Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Toy Story and Strawberry Shortcake comic book stories.
The artist describes her way into comics as "through a sideways door".
Roberts said: "Growing up, I would just draw illustrations inspired mainly by the animated movies I watched.
"So I moved to go into the animation industry, but when the 2D industry folded like a pack of cards I didn't know what to do.
"It took a friend to steer me in the direction of comics. That made me realise that I was pretty much just drawing comics the whole time, so it just fitted.
"I got my first gig four years ago drawing Star Wars and I never looked back."
However, the economic climate has cast a Darth Vader-shaped shadow over Roberts' industry and has influenced the way in which she operates.
The internet has been one area to offer a new hope to the illustrator and others in the business in uncertain times.
From the Somme to zombies
Comics and graphic novels tackle a wide range of subjects:
- Charley's War followed young Charley Bourne who lies about his age to fight in World War I. Written by Pat Mills and illustrated by Joe Colquhoun, it appeared from 1979-85
- Alpine trench warfare provided the backdrop to WWI graphic novel White Death. It was written by Robbie Morrison and illustrated by Charlie Adlard, who also provided the artwork for The Walking Dead, which was adapted for a TV series
- Brian Selznick's The Invention of Hugo Cabret has been made into a new film. Hugo is directed by Martin Scorsese and stars Ben Kingsley, Jude Law and Asa Butterfield
- Burke & Hare by writer Martin Conaghan and artist Will Pickering also reached cinema screens in a film starring Simon Pegg, Andy Serkis and Isla Fisher
- Ghost World, a tale about social outsiders written and illustrated by Daniel Clowes, also inspired Hollywood. The 2001 film starred Steve Buscemi and Thora Birch
Roberts said: "Many of my fellow comic artist/writers are switching to online publicity now, that is to say generating interest through webcomics without even printing hard copies anymore.
"It's very difficult to get a creator project published in these hard times.
"No-one really feels confident to take a chance, and I don't blame them, but creators are taking their own steps to self publish their stuff."
Roberts added: "Comics are going digital and I, for one, welcome it.
"I collect trades (collections of comic book stories) but I also read online comics. It's the future and we can't fight against it.
"I think it might help a lot of people who had their comics turned down by the publishing houses, especially the new writers."
Another artist who is keenly aware of the opportunities online offers artists and writers in getting their work out to the wider world is Vicky Stonebridge, who lives in Lochcarron in Wester Ross.
She has been working on gothic horror anthology Bayou Arcana.
The book has been described as a "unique experiment" because it teamed up female artists with an all-male writing team.
Stonebridge said comics and graphic novels had provided her with an outlet for her passion for a particular style of art for telling stories.
Renewables and climate change have provided material for Vicky Stonebridge
She said: "I had nearly given up painting or drawing the subjects of myth, folklore, ancient history, epics and traditional symbols and motifs.
"They generally get the labels of 'kitsch', fantasy art, or children's illustrations."
The artist added: "For me art is all about communication, is essence conveying a message or telling a story through an image, comics are a natural extension of this, a combination of words, symbols and pictures to carry a story and transport the reader to infinite imagined worlds."
Stonebridge's artwork has also been influenced by issues such as climate change and increased use of renewable energy.
One of her graphic prints - which shows a young girl's journey through a flooded Scotland - featured in an exhibition last November involving the University of Dundee.
The university offers a MLitt in Comics Studies, the only programme of its kind in the UK.
Cinebook publishes French and Belgian comic books and graphic novels in English
Called G'ie Me A Spark O' Nature's Fire, the exhibition was staged in the Scottish government's European Union office in Brussels.
The Belgian city was an appropriate choice for showcasing Scotland's comic book artists and writers.
In Belgium and neighbouring France millions of comic books and graphic novels are sold and tell stories about almost everything from detectives, pirates and cavaliers to the American Civil War, cowboys and aliens.
Canterbury-based Cinebook publishes many of these books in English.
By the end of this year, its catalogue will stretch to 228 titles, including books by Rene Goscinny - co-creator and writer of the Asterix series.
Valerie Robin, of Cinebook, said: "The comic book and its close relative, the graphic novel, are a highly respected art form in France, Belgium and the rest of Western Europe.
"In fact, one of every eight books sold in France is a comic book."
New school flu vaccine pilot mooted
Imran Khan blames rival for killing
Teutonic Texans
Tweets of the week
Clocking out
The real Sir Alex
Story of the S-Class
Fast Track