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Neolithic stone alignments, Carnac, France

Holocene epoch

The Holocene (or Recent) is the current geological epoch which started some 11,500 years ago when the glaciers began to retreat. This retreat marked the end of the glacial phase of the most recent ice age. Its character was set by the spread of forests as the ice retreated and then by their shrinkage as mankind's demand for timber and agricultural land grew. Although we think of the Holocene as a warm time for the planet, we are still in an ice age. This is indicated by the presence of ice caps at the poles - the planet as a whole is just in an interglacial phase.

Began: 11.7 thousand years ago

Ended: Present day

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What the Earth was like

A map of present day Earth

Reconstruction of the Earth in the Holocene epoch, 10,000 years ago - present day. Credit: Dr Ron Blakey, NAU Geology.

Discover more about the Earth's current marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats.

Types of fossils formed in this period

Trace fossils Trace fossils
It's not only the actual bodily remains of dead animals and plants that can become fossils. Things created or left behind by animals can also fossilise, such as their footprints, burrows and dung.

About

The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene (around 12,000 to 11,500 14C years ago) and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning "entirely recent". It has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1 and based on that past evidence, can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.

The Holocene also encompasses within it the growth and impacts of the human species world-wide, including all its written history and overall significant transition toward urban living in the present. Human impacts of the modern era on the Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species, including approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence, or more recently atmospheric evidence of human impacts. Given these, a new term Anthropocene, is specifically proposed and used informally only for the very latest part of modern history and of significant human impact since the epoch of the Neolithic Revolution (around 12,000 years BP).

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Geological time

  1. Origin of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago
  2. Archean era
  3. Cryogenian period
  4. Ediacaran period
  5. Cambrian period
  6. Ordovician period
  7. Silurian period
  8. Devonian period
  9. Carboniferous period
  10. Permian period
  11. Triassic period
  12. Jurassic period
  13. Cretaceous period
  14. Palaeocene epoch
  15. Eocene epoch
  16. Oligocene epoch
  17. Miocene epoch
  18. Pliocene epoch
  19. Pleistocene epoch
  20. Holocene epoch
  21. Present day

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