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15 July 2009
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You are here: BBC > Science & Nature > Animals > Sea Life > Blue Planet Challenge
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Zonation on land: altitude

A very obvious zonation of plants and animals occurs with increasing altitude. In the oceans, specific organisms are often found at specific depths depending on the handling of light intensity, water temperature and pressure. Similarly, as you reach higher land, temperature changes and the air becomes 'thinner'. This results in distinct zonation.

Andes to Scandanavia
There is nowhere in the world where this is more obvious than in the Andes in South America. The changes in rainfall and altitude in the Andes of Ecuador have allowed vegetation typical to all the world's latitudes to exist in a series of zones within a few tens of miles. This is the most extreme example, but zonation can be seen on any mountain.

In the Scottish highlands, zonation is distinct and vegetation can be divided into middle, low and sub-alpine zones. It is generally considered that natural high alpine zones do not exist in Scotland as a result of human forestry practice. However, if you cross the North Sea to Scandanavia, high alpine zones are natural.

Wild asses
Tibetan hooved mammals (ungulates) are markedly dictated to by zonation. Several different species exist at different altitudes on the harsh habitat of the mountainsides. Tibetan gazelles are found between 9,000 and 12,000ft, but the bharal lives between 12,000 and 17,000 feet. Competing with both these species over a huge range from 9,000 to 17,000 feet are the Tibetan wild asses. But the most harsh conditions, from 14,000 to 20,000 feet, are home to the yak. Other species of ungulates have ranges between these species, revealing a clear pattern of change with altitude.

Sand dunes | Wetlands | Altitude


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