Sepsis

What is sepsis?

Sepsis is a bacterial infection of the blood, also known as blood poisoning or septicaemia.

Causes of sepsis

Sepsis is often a complication of another infection, such as of the lungs or kidneys, and occurs when the bacteria escape that part of the body and get into the bloodstream.

This bacteria can also come from burns, infected wounds, boils and tooth abscesses. Sometimes it isn’t obvious how it has got into your blood.

Anyone can develop sepsis. The people most at risk are those with weakened immune systems, because of an existing illness, for example, or medication.

Older people, children and intravenous drug users are also more susceptible.

Symptoms of sepsis

The symptoms of sepsis develop rapidly and may include:

• High fever
• Violent shivering
• Faintness
• Cold and pale hands and feet
• Rapid and shallow breathing
• Restlessness
• Delirium
• Shock
• Loss of consciousness

When infection is with Meningococcus bacteria, a rash may appear. This starts as small red-purple spots that grow quickly to become blotchy and look like little bruises. It doesn't fade when pressed.

Treatments for sepsis

Immunisation can protect people from certain bacteria that can cause sepsis. For example, in the UK babies are vaccinated against group C Meningococcus as part of their routine immunisation programme.

To reduce the risk of wounds and burns becoming infected, keep them clean and properly dressed. If you suspect an infection, seek medical advice before more serious problems have the chance to develop. The same applies to any suspected tooth or gum infections.

Sepsis is a medical emergency requiring urgent hospital treatment. This may include antibiotics to kill the invading bacteria.

Often intensive care therapy is needed to support any organs that have been damaged by the infection.

If treatment is given early enough, most people make a good recovery.

Dr Gill Jenkins last medically reviewed this article in August 2009.