Concussion Dr Rob Hicks If you experience a blow to the head, it's important to watch out for signs of concussion and take appropriate action.

In this article

What causes it? Who's affected?

What are the symptoms? How can it be prevented?

What's the treatment?

Concussion is an injury to the brain that usually occurs following a blow or jolt to the head. In most instances, the person doesn't lose consciousness.

Anyone can suffer a concussion. Common causes include a head injury from a road traffic accident, fall, sports injury or assault.

People who fall often - because of difficulties with walking or balance, for example - and those involved in contact sports are most at risk.

The symptoms of concussion may include:

• Headaches, which may be severe and persistent
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Vision disturbance
• Poor balance
• Confusion
• Memory loss or difficulty remembering things
• Poor concentration
• Tiredness
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Low mood

Post-concussion syndrome may occur, with symptoms appearing weeks or months after the initial injury. Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include:

• Persistent headache
• Dizziness
• Memory problems
• Vision disturbances
• Emotional disturbances
• Unexplained depression

Avoid situations where a head injury may occur - for example, contact sports - and wear protective headwear to reduce the risk.

For those at risk of falling, the home environment should be made as safe as possible - for example, by having carpets rather than hard flooring.

The treatment for concussion is rest. Painkillers are often used to relieve headaches. Admission to hospital for observation is sometimes necessary.

This article was last medically reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks in January 2008