Peat

Peat has been used by commercial growers and amateur gardeners since the mid 20th century. Mixed with sand and loam it became a popular high quality growing medium, and, to meet the demand, acres of UK peat bogs were drained and destroyed. This kind of peatland is now one of the UK's rarest and most threatened habitats. Environmentalists, the government, and gardening organisations all say the horticultural industry should phase out peat and use sustainable, and if possible, locally sourced alternatives instead. But gardeners still account for most of the peat that is used in composts and growing bags, and don't seem to want to change.

You might think of peatbogs as dull expanses of empty, waterlogged land, but if you wandered into the heart of the Mosses National Nature Reserve on the Welsh border you'd find a unique and beautiful range of plant, insect and bird life that depends on the layers of peat that make up this lowland raised bog.

Many gardeners don't realise that multi-purpose compost, unless it's labelled 'peat free', contains between about 70 per cent and 100 per cent peat. But there are clear environmental reasons we should be concerned about using even small amounts of peat. We're still using approximately the same amount of peat in our growing media as we did in the late 1990s, even though the peat-free message has been broadcast by environmental groups and many of our leading gardeners including Monty Don and Carol Klein.

So why do gardeners still buy peat-based products? 'Some gardeners just buy the cheapest to fill up their pots and tubs for the summer - peat-free ones are usually more expensive because they have to be processed more', explains Susie Holmes, co-author of the most recent report on peat and alternative products for growing media and soil improvers in the UK. 'Keen gardeners tend to buy the compost they know and trust, and up until recently peat-free ones have had a reputation for being unreliable.'

Because of commercial extraction, only about 6,000 hectares of lowland raised bog in the UK remain in pristine or near-natural condition. The latest government figures show that 62 per cent of the peat we use in growing media and soil conditioners comes from other countries, primarily the Republic of Ireland and the Baltic States and Finland. But environmentalists say that we shouldn't be contributing to our carbon footprint by importing this peat and should instead put our resources into using our own natural materials to make sustainable growing media that work.

A greater quantity of alternative materials, such as bark, green compost and wood waste, is now being used, though not enough to meet the government target of alternatives accounting for 90 per cent of growing media requirements by 2010. This increase is largely because the major retailers, who have strong social and environmental policies, have put pressure on the manufacturers to reduce their peat use.

Did you know?

• The most recent government figures for the use of peat and peat alternatives in growing media and soil conditioners in the UK show that although the quantity of alternatives has increased in the six years from 1999 to 2005, the amount of peat we've used - 3.4 million cubic metres (or more than 48 million standard (70-litre) bags of multi-purpose compost) in 2005 - hasn't changed greatly.
• Amateur gardeners use 66 per cent of the total peat consumed in the UK, most of it in growing media such as multi-purpose compost and growing bags.
• 38 per cent of the peat used in the UK comes from within the UK, 56 per cent from the Republic of Ireland, 6 per cent from Northern Europe.
• 94 per cent of the UK's lowland raised peatbogs, one of our rarest and most vulnerable habitats, have been lost. There are just 6,000 hectares in pristine or near-natural condition left.
• Each lowland raised bog, which is the preferred type for peat extraction, holds its own unique and biodiverse community of plant and animal species which is threatened by extraction. Over 3,000 species of insect, 800 flowering plants and hundreds of kinds of mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi have been recorded at Thorne Moors and Hatfield Moors in Yorkshire.
• Peatlands contain one of the world's most important carbon stores - when they're drained the carbon is released back into the atmosphere where it contributes to global warming.
• The particular anaerobic conditions in peat make it a superb living history book that preserves plant, animal and human remains for thousands of years.
• Peatlands are important water stores, holding about 10 per cent of global freshwater; peat takes so long to form - it grows by about 1mm per year - that it cannot be regarded as a sustainable material. Commercial extractors typically remove up to 22cm of peat per year.

Viewpoint

Steve Berry, Wildlife Gardening Officer, Natural England "Having destroyed most of our own peatbogs we're now helping to destroy those in places like Latvia and Estonia. Most gardeners live a long way from peat bogs and may not see the appeal or the value of them but every time someone uses peat they're contributing to the destruction of this special and important habitat. There are plenty of non-peat alternatives that work almost as well as peat-based products. The more people that use and ask for non-peat ones, the greater the commercial incentive to improve them further."

Richard Gianfrancesco, Head of Research at Gardening Which? "Our trials of garden composts show that some manufacturers have made decent peat-free products for many years but others, especially those at the cheaper end of the market, have been churning out pretty poor ones and consumers have been burned by using these. Manufacturers need to invest in research to develop good performing products. Peat-free composts are heavier, so the haulage costs are higher. They tend to be fairly coarse too and generally are not particularly good for seed sowing, especially of small seeds. For gardeners who want to reduce their peat use, Gardening Which? recommends either sieving a good quality peat-free one, or buying a small bag of peat-based compost for sowing and then using a peat-free compost mixed with slow-release fertiliser when growing on in tubs and baskets. The available nitrogen in peat-free composts can be used up by the continuing decomposition of the materials in the bag so if your plants are struggling it's worth giving the plants a liquid feed."

What you can do

• Find out what's in the bag of compost or soil conditioner and if it is peat based, ask for peat-reduced, or better still, peat-free.
• Follow the instructions on the peat-free packet to get the best results, and be prepared to water and feed more frequently. Experiment with different kinds of peat-free until you find one that suits your needs.
• Do not use peat or peat-based compost as a mulch or soil improver. Make your own compost and use it to improve soil, or use well-rotted animal manures. For mulch, use your own compost or other renewable materials such as wood chips, wood shavings and bark.
• When buying potted plants, choose ones that have been grown in peat-free compost. If your supplier doesn't know, ask them to find out.