In the early Christian church, seven was a number with great mystical significance. ..... Four of these were derived from the Greek philospher Plato, and were considered by the early Christians to be virtues that anyone could manage, whatever their religion. The other three virtues were taken from the Gospel.... The early Christians thought that these virtues could only be reached through the practice of their religion. At one time only the four earlier virtues were called Cardinal Virtues, but nowadays the name is usually used for all seven in the list.

Plato's Virtues

• Prudence - This was not wisdom in the more mystical sense, but sound judgement in practical affairs.

• Justice - This meant fair treatment of others, rather than a formal sytem of judgement.

• Temperance - The original meaning of this meant careful moderation of all kinds of appetites. By the 19th century, it was often taken to mean only abstaining from alcohol.

• Fortitude -This was not just straightforward courage, but also the endurance to withstand all kinds of troubles.

The Three Theological Virtues

• Faith -

• Hope -

• Charity -

Images of the Virtues in Art

Symbolism

In mediaeval and Renaissance art, the virtues were typically portrayed as women. Various symbols were associated with each virtue. Even today, most people will recognise an image of Justice with her sword and balance, and those familiar with Tarot cards will also know Temperance's jug of water and Fortitude's lion. some examples of associated symbols

• Prudence. Mirror. Callipers. 3 faces?
• Justice. Sword, scales somtimes blindfolded. Old Bailey in London
• Temperance. Pouring water from a jug (watering wine??)
• Fortitude. Sceptre. Mace. Shield. Lion
• Faith. Cross. Chalice. Crown. Host? Dog? Bee Beehive?
• Hope. Winged? Anchor durer?
• Charity. Pelican.

Artists