Thursday 2 December 2010, 11:13
Operation Mincemeat was probably the most successful, and certainly the oddest deception operation of the Second World War - and perhaps any war. It involved obtaining a dead body, dressing it up as British officer, equipping it with false documents and leaving it somewhere where the Nazis would find it. All with the aim of fooling the Germans into thinking that, instead of invading Sicily in 1943, the Allied troops massed in North Africa were aiming for Greece.
I'm presenting BBC Two's documentary, also called Operation Mincemeat, and if the story sounds a little James Bond to you, that is no accident. It was partly inspired by Ian Fleming, then a young officer in naval intelligence. But it was put into action by two highly eccentric intelligence officers, Charles Cholmondeley and Ewen Montagu, neither of whom had any qualms about obtaining the body of a homeless man, and then turning him into someone else entirely.
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Their plan was inspired, and entirely illegal. After the war, the officials involved tried to keep the name of the dead man a secret, but then in 1996, by accident, a key document was declassified formally identifying the 'man who never was' as Glyndwr Michael, a Welshman who had killed himself with rat poison in a disused warehouse.
I doubt such a plan would be feasible today, even in wartime. Imagine the scandal if it was revealed that British agents had deliberately stolen a dead body. One of the reasons it worked so well was that the organisers were left alone to get on with it, almost without supervision. That would never happen now.
The operation required exceptionally detailed planning. For example, they had to create a fake identity card, but had real difficulty finding someone who looked like Glyndwr Michael.
He had never been photographed when he was alive, and his dead body could not be made to look anything but dead. Eventually they spotted someone in the MI5 canteen, a fellow intelligence officer who was a dead ringer for the dead man, and hauled him off to be photographed.
On the BBC History messageboards, Pete asks an interesting question about whether the Germans ever suspected the body with the top secret documents was a plant.
British intelligence scoured the Germans' intercepted wireless messages for any hint that the ruse had been rumbled, and found none at all. On the contrary, in the words of a triumphant message sent to Churchill, "Mincemeat swallowed rod, line and sinker."
The only person in the entire German High Command who had any suspicions was Josef Goebbels, the propaganda minister, who wondered in his diary whether the documents might be an elaborate hoax.
But he was far too cowardly to share his doubts with Hitler, who never doubted the authenticity of the papers - in large part because they confirmed what he already wanted to believe.
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Pete also asks how much of a success the operation was in terms of moving troops to Greece to defend against an invasion that never happened. Of course, that is very difficult to quantify, since it would have to be measured in lives saved, battles unfought, and blood unspilled.
But we can certainly say this: Sicily, the real target, was left comparatively lightly defended, and the island was conquered far faster than many had feared. An entire Panzer division was moved from France to Greece, to the precise spots identified in the Mincemeat documents.
And, perhaps most importantly, the great German assault on the Eastern Front, around Kursk, was called off once the invasion of Sicily was underway.
Urnungal is right that codenames were supposed not to refer in any way to the objective, individual or operation - a rule that was broken by all sides, throughout the war. Mincemeat was no exception. They chose the name because it appealed to their rather ghoulish sense of humour.
They did, however, re-use codenames. This was partly intentional since it was hoped that if, by any chance, the Germans did come across the code name, they might assume it referred to the earlier operation, and ignore it.
And lastly from the BBC History messageboards is Ferval's mention, of the film of The Man Who Never Was. It is indeed based on reality, but only very loosely. The book of that name, by one of the principal organisers, Ewen Montagu, was written under very particular constraints. Much had to be concealed, and parts are deliberately misleading.
The film went one stage further and, in the interests of drama, invented things that never happened and people, to coin a phrase, who never were. By the time the story reached Hollywood, it was partly fantasy.
Ben Macintyre is the presenter of Operation Mincemeat.
Operation Mincemeat is on at 9pm on Sunday, 5 December on BBC Two.
Read more on the BBC News website: Operation Mincemeat: How a dead tramp fooled Hitler
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Wednesday 1 December 2010, 10:04
Friday 3 December 2010, 11:50
Comment number 1.
Pete- Weatherman2nd December 2010 - 12:59
I look forward to the prog. This is of some intrest to me as my wife grand father was one of the men who it helped save, as he was in the Sicily landings
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Comment number 2.
Peter_Sym3rd December 2010 - 10:23
Its worth mentioning that as a result of this deception the Germans stopped believing that papers found on corpses were genuine. At Arnhem a Para officer stupidly took the entire plans for the campaign with him... when these were found on his body the genuine plans were dismissed as a clumsy deception. More lives saved!
Incidentally I read Ben Macintyres book earlier this year- superb!
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Comment number 3.
andyht573rd December 2010 - 10:42
I take it then that you don't believe that the Navy's admission that the body was in fact that of a casualty from HMS Dasher by the name of John Melville is true. In addition the memorial service for said John Melville held by the Royal Navy with his daughter on the current HMS Dasher at the location that the body was put into the mediteranean was also made up. After all a body of a tramp who had died from ingesting Rat Poison repeatedly frozen and defrosted would of course fool a German Autopsy into thinking he had drowned.
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Comment number 4.
Rays a Larf3rd December 2010 - 11:39
Very true 'andyht57' I just wish historical facts were double checked before printing gestation of the original story......one can it sloppy story making
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Comment number 5.
Peter_Sym3rd December 2010 - 11:47
#3 I'd suggest you read the book. The Pathology advice all came from Prof Bernard Pilsbury who had a reputation as the greatest pathologist in history but who's self importance meant that he gave extremely dangerous advice. His evidence hung Crippen but has recently been shown to be completely wrong (the body in Crippins cellar has a Y chromosome so could hardly have been his wife!) Fortunately for a number of reasons they got away with it..... the body's dogtags were marked 'RC' for Roman Catholic so the Spanish (not German... the body never went near Germany) authorities didn't post mortem it mainly for religious reasons. The decay meant it was presumed the body was in the water for several weeks and for various reasons the Germans changed the facts to suit their own prejudices. Ben MacIntrye strongly implies that at least one German agent in Spain, who like his boss Canaris was executed for treason by Hitler, knew full well this was a fake corpse but passed the info on anyway.
On a forensic note the body was kept on dry ice, not water ice which has different effects on a body and an aircrash survivor in a life jacket may die of hypothermia. In many cases of drowning little water enters the lungs.
Several suggestions have been made for who 'the man who never was' was but Macintyre has a full paper record and photos to support his case so unless someone else has something stronger than the release forms signed by the St Pancreas coroner and a pic of Glyndwr (looking rotten and desicated) in a torpedo sized canister full of dry ice this theory seems the strongest.
P.S The body wasn't even put into the Mediteranean.... it was dropped off near the North Spanish coast dangerously inshore... thats either the bay of biscay or the Atlantic.
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Comments 5 of 32